The Difference Between Procedural and Substantive Law

Procedural law and substantive law are the two primary categories of law in the dual U.S. court system. These two types of law play different but essential roles in protecting the rights of individuals in the United States criminal justice system. Key Terms Procedural law is the set of rules by which courts in the United States decide the outcomes of all criminal, civil, and administrative cases.  Substantive law describes how people are expected to behave according to accepted social norms.  Procedural laws govern how court proceedings dealing with the enforcement of substantive laws are conducted.   Two Categories of Law Substantive law — literally the â€Å"substance† of the law — governs how people are expected to behave according to accepted social norms. The Ten Commandments, for example, is a set of substantive laws. Today, substantive law defines rights and responsibilities in all court proceedings. In criminal cases, substantive law governs how guilt or innocence is to be determined, and how crimes are charged and punished. Procedural laws govern how court proceedings that deal with the enforcement of substantive laws are conducted. Since the primary object of all court proceedings is to determine the truth according to the best available evidence, procedural laws of evidence govern the admissibility of evidence and the presentation and testimony of witnesses. For example, when judges sustain or overrule objections raised by lawyers, they do so according to procedural laws. Both procedural and substantive law may be altered over time by Supreme Court rulings and constitutional interpretations. Application of Criminal Procedural Law While each state has adopted its own set of procedural laws, usually called a â€Å"Code of Criminal Procedure,† the basic procedures followed in most jurisdictions include: All arrests must be based on probable cause;Prosecutors file charges that must clearly spell out what crimes the accused person allegedly committed;The accused person is arraigned before a judge and given the opportunity to enter a plea — a statement of guilt or innocence;The judge asks the accused whether they need a court-appointed attorney or will supply their own attorney;The judge will either grant or deny the accused bail or bond and set an amount to be paid;An official notice to appear in court is delivered to the accused;If the accused and prosecutors cannot reach a plea bargain agreement, trial dates are set;If the accused person is convicted at trial, the judge advises them of their rights to appeal;In the case of guilty verdicts, the trial moves to the sentencing phase. In most states, the same laws that define criminal offenses also set the maximum sentences that can be imposed, from fines to time in jail. However, the state and federal courts follow very different procedural laws for sentencing. Sentencing In State Courts The procedural laws of some states provide for a bifurcated or two-part trial system, in which sentencing is conducted in a separate trial held after a guilty verdict has been reached. The sentencing phase trial follows the same basic procedural laws as the guilt or innocence phase, with the same jury hearing evidence and determining sentences. The judge will advise the jury of the range of severity of sentences that may be imposed under state law. Sentencing In Federal Courts In the federal courts, judges themselves impose sentences based on a more narrow set of federal sentencing guidelines. In determining an appropriate sentence’ the judge, rather than a jury, will consider a report on the defendant’s criminal history prepared by a federal probation officer, as well as evidence presented during the trial. In the federal criminal courts, judges use a point system based on the defendant’s prior convictions, if any, in applying the federal sentencing guidelines. In addition, federal judges do not have the leeway to impose sentences more or less severe than those allowed under the federal sentencing guidelines. Sources of Procedural Laws Procedural law is established by each individual jurisdiction. Both the state and federal courts have created their own sets of procedures. In addition, county and municipal courts may have specific procedures that must that must be followed. These procedures typically include how cases are filed with the court, how parties involved are notified, and how official records of court proceedings are handled. In most jurisdictions, procedural laws are found in publications such as the â€Å"Rules of Civil Procedure,† and â€Å"Rules of Court.† The procedural laws of the federal courts can be found in the â€Å"Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.† Basic Elements of Substantive Criminal Law In comparison to procedural criminal law, substantive criminal law involves the â€Å"substance† of the charges filed against accused persons. Every charge is made up of elements, or the specific acts required to amount to the commission of a crime. Substantive law requires that prosecutors prove beyond all reasonable doubt that every element of crime took place as charged in order for the accused person to be convicted of that crime. For example, to secure a conviction for a charge of felony-level driving while intoxicated, prosecutors must prove the following substantive elements of the crime: The accused person was, in fact, the person operating the motor vehicle;The vehicle was being operated on a public roadway;The accused person was legally intoxicated while operating the vehicle; andThe accused person had prior convictions for driving while intoxicated. Other substantive state laws involved in the above example include: The maximum allowed percentage of alcohol in the accused person’s blood at the time of arrest; andThe number of prior convictions for driving while intoxicated. Because both procedural and substantive laws can vary by state and sometimes by county, persons charged with crimes should consult with a certified criminal law attorney practicing in their jurisdiction. Sources of Substantive Law In the United States, substantive law comes from the state legislatures and Common Law — law based on societal customs and enforced by the courts. Historically, Common Law made up set of statutes and case law that governed England and the American colonies prior to the American Revolution. During the 20th century, substantive laws changed and grew in number quickly as Congress and the state legislatures moved to unify and modernize many principles of Common Law. For example, since its enactment in 1952, the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), governing commercial transactions has been fully or partially adopted by all U.S. states to replace the Common Law and differing state laws as the single authoritative source of substantive commercial law.

The Detrimental Effects of Anorexia on the Body and Mind

Ana’s Limelight Christy Greenleaf, assistant professor of kinesiology, health promotion and recreation at University of North Texas, stated, â€Å"Girls and women, in our society are socialized to value physical appearance and an ultra-thin beauty that rarely occurs naturally and to pursue that ultra-thin physique at any cost.† Anorexia is the third most common chronic illness among young women. Furthermore, one in every ten people with anorexia will die from a complication brought on by the disorder. Although Anorexia is a mental illness, it is most common in teenage females because it is incited by the media through the fashion industry and pro-anorexia websites. Anorexia is a mental illness that can be identified by its victims starving†¦show more content†¦Thus, there is a direct link to the rise of Anorexia and the media instills the importance of appearance into the culture and plants the idea in women’s minds that thin is essential. Through out time, the fashion industry has highlighted an ultra-thin physique and has come to play a huge role in the occurrence of Anorexia. In the 1960’s, models such as Twiggy were the first to be thin. However, many models remained natural looking. In the 1980’s Amazonian models were common and the 1990’s brought the heroin chic ito style. Today, models weigh twenty percent less than they did a few decades ago. In some places, models have been forced to have a BMI of eighteen, which is still low; however, many places continue to use overly skinny women in advertisements and fashion.Often, models have developed an eating disorder because it was seemingly essential to their career. Some models have even starved themselves to death. The Fashion Industry has had an undeniably great influence on Anorexia. Hollywood actresses are praised for their diets and workout regimen, advertisers promote diet products, and unnatural looking actresses. Christy Greenleaf is quo ted as saying, â€Å"Research demonstrates that poor body image and disordered eating attitudes are associated with internalizing the mediated bodies that dominate the fashion industry† (Schwarz). Thus, the industry is not only producing diet products but also women willing to go to any length to lose weight. Pro- Anorexia websitesShow MoreRelatedAnorexia Nervos A Psychological And Physical Causes And Consequences Of Anorexia930 Words   |  4 PagesEvery time you view your reflection in a mirror, the sight of your body horrifies you. You have become so brainwashed to believe that your body is unacceptable, that you have formed an obsession with being smaller. This is how people with eating disorders feel. According to the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) (2016), about one-fifth of people with anorexia are related to at least one person with the disorder. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder with mainly adolescent victims. 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The people most often portrayed and effected by these messages are young women. Females can feel constant pressure to live up to these ideals which are most often unattainable. This pressure can cause detrimental physical and mental states. To fully understand thisRead MoreEssay on The Fear of Fat Criterion Within the DSM IV1626 Words   |  7 Pagesbeauty and â€Å"thinness†, conversations increasingly center on dieting and body dissatisfaction. The media advertises weight loss products in the form of pills, drinks, surgery, fitness equipment and support groups to mold individuals into the proposed ideal form. This evidence alone suggests a strong case for the possibility of a pathological fear of fat. Is this fear, however, the driving force behind all cases of anorexia nervosa and bulimia? According to the DSM IV, the fear of gaining weight

The Treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

In the current scenario, a 64-year-old female patient has suffered from Rheumatoid arthritis ( RA ) and she seemed to demo no betterment despite her current intervention for 6 months. RA is a chronic redness disease and harmonizing to the study of National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE February 2009 ) RA affects 10000 people each twelvemonth in the UK population. RA is characterised by swelling and painful articulations, usually symmetrical and frequently impacting diarthrodial articulations of custodies and pess [ Firestein GS. We will write a custom essay sample on The Treatment Of Rheumatoid Arthritis Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2003 ] . Although RA normally attacks articulations, it can besides impact other variety meats such as bosom, lung and eyes. The exact pathogenesis of the disease still remains to be discovered. However, autoimmunity activities are believed to be to play a major function in the development of the disease. The unnatural release of inflammatory factors such as interleukins ( IL ) and tissue mortification factor ( TNF ) by the peripheral inflammatory cells such as CD4+ T cells, B cells and macrophages are involved in the patterned advance of RA which leads to inflammatory reaction at the synovial fluid ( SF ) and synovial tissues ( ST ) that line the joint and resulted in joint devastation [ Agarwal et al. , 2005 ] . When the redness progresses into farther phase, portion of the synovial membrane which envelops the SF will develop into pannus which is an inflammatory tissues that farther assail the joint and gristle and may take to joint merger by let go ofing destructive enzymes suc h as collagenase. Harmonizing to Scots Intercollegiate Guidelines Network ( SIGN 48 ) guidelines, RA is normally diagnosed by recovering patient ‘s medical history and scrutiny on elevated degree of inflammatory markers such as non-specific erythrocyte deposit rate ( ESR ) , C-reactive protein ( CRP ) and a more specific arthritic factor, which is an auto-antibody nowadayss in 80 % of RA patients [ Firestein GS. , 2003 ] . The incidence of RA may non be seen every bit serious as other diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and malignant neoplastic disease which recorded a higher morbidity and mortality rate, but one time the disease progresses, it can give a great impact on patient ‘s day-to-day life. It accounts for 0.8 % of entire planetary Year Lived with Disability ( YLD ) , which is the 31st prima cause of YLD globally [ Symmons et al. , 2006 ] . As a chronic redness disease, RA causes lasting joint harm if it is non treated suitably every bit shortly as possible and a long-time medicine is required to decelerate down the patterned advance of the disease. The joint harm starts at the early phase of disease and worsens increasingly resulted in troubles in patients ‘ day-to-day work. A simple day-to-day undertaking such as opening a bottle or walking across the room can ensue in great hurting for RA patients. Some patients might even necessitate to discontinue or alter their current oc cupation due to sore articulations. Epidemiology survey showed that RA is associated with decreased life anticipation and increased mortality [ Anthony et al. , 2003 ] . As RA develops, the disease finally invades the bone around the joint and may take to osteoporosis due to inflammatory activities. Furthermore, RA intervention utilizing corticoid besides increases the hazard of osteoporosis due to depletion of Ca and increase loss of bone mass [ Kelman et al. , 2005 ] . Besides that, merely like other redness diseases, RA patients can confront anemic jobs where red blood cells production is inhibited during redness. After the importance of early intervention of DMARDs has been recognised, the old â€Å" intervention pyramid † used in RA which started off with diagnostic intervention utilizing anodynes such as NSAIDs has been reviewed. The â€Å" intervention pyramid † describes the usage of anodynes in the early phase of disease to alleviate hurting and merely starts DMARDs when the disease develops into more advanced phase where NSAIDs can no longer command the hurting and redness. However, several surveies have shown that protection of articulation from harm utilizing DMARDs should be started every bit shortly as possible to supply better patients ‘ forecast and continue patient functional ability [ Egmose et al. , 1995 ; van der Heide et al. , 1996 ] . Therefore both NICE and SIGN guidelines suggest the early usage of DMARDs to command and detain RA symptoms after diagnosing of RA is confirmed. There is no definite intervention for RA as patients may react otherwise to the assortment picks of RA pharmacological therapy. Normally RA patients would be started with the most normally used DMARDs and reviewed invariably for drugs effectiveness until symptoms are well-controlled by the DMARDs therapy. Further change in the intervention needs to be done if no satisfactory response is achieved. As in this instance survey, the female patient has failed to react to six-month intervention of sulfasalazine, which is one of the commonly used DMARDs in commanding RA. Thus an option should be sought every bit shortly as possible to forestall major joint devastation. Treatment Harmonizing to NICE guidelines 2009, it is stated that if RA patient does non react to the first DMARDs intervention, the dosage of the drug should be reviewed and focused to supply an effectual and suited dosage for the patient before a 2nd option of DMARDs is sought. In the current scenario, the patient had failed to react to six-month therapy of SLS, it is assumed that the dosage of SLS had been adjusted to the possible maximal bound but still demo no benefit in the patient. Thus, farther intervention would be focused on seeking for an alternate DMARDs. DMARDs are drugs from different categories that are grouped together due to their similarity in decelerating down the patterned advance of RA and understating joint devastation caused by RA besides commanding the symptoms. The normally used DMARDs include sulfasalazine ( SLS ) , amethopterin ( MTX ) , gold, Cuprimine, anti-malarial, azathioprine, leflunomide and cyclosporine. SLS and MTX are most preferable in clinical pattern due to their favourable toxicity profiles although intramuscular gold and Cuprimine had shown similar effectivity in handling RA [ Aletaha et al. , 2003 ; Felson et al. , 1990 ; Capell et al. , 1993 ] . MTX and SLS were considered to be safer at usage as it was shown that there was no important difference in the incidence of side-effects reported between high and low dose intervention of the drugs [ Aletaha et al. , 2003 ] . Since the patient has failed to react to SLS, MTX would normally be the following option in head. However, there is a pick to do whether t o utilize MTX in combination with SLS or replace SLS with MTX as monotherapy. DMARDs combination has been recommended in NICE guidelines for early RA intervention, but more clinical groundss need to be sought for the usage of combination in established RA, which is pictured in the current scenario as the patient has been suffered from RA for more than 6 months and immune to SLS therapy. Three surveies were found to compare the usage of MTX monotherapy and dual-therapy with SLS in patients unresponsive to SLS. Among the three, two were randomised controlled tests ( RCT ) while one was non-randomised experimental test [ Haagsma et al. , 1994 ; Capell et al. , 2007 ; Schipper et al. , 2009 ] The first RCT was carried out in 1994 which merely included a little figure of patients ( n=40 ) based on a single-observer method over 24 hebdomads while a longer continuance ( gt ; 18 months ) of double-blind placebo-controlled survey with a larger survey group ( n=165 ) was adopted in the 2nd RCT in 2007. Despite the difference in the survey features, both RCTs concluded that MTX-SLS double therapy had a greater efficaciousness in commanding symptoms over MTX monotherapy in SLS-resistant patients without important addition in toxicity. However, although the 2nd RCT had shown important clinical benefits for combination therapy compared to the usage of monotherapy, no important a dvantage was seen in radiological results or functional disablement. The 3rd survey was a recent test published in 2009 investigated 230 patients who were immune to SLS intervention utilizing the similar intervention magnitude as the old surveies to measure the drug efficaciousness. This test was carried out for more than 15 old ages and concluded that that both options provided similar consequence. The disagreement was believed to be caused by the deficiency of control group in the ulterior test which might lend to biased consequences and inconsistent usage of other drugs such as corticoids in different tests which might misdirect the reading of drug efficaciousness. Besides efficaciousness and toxicity, cost of intervention is the following of import factor to be considered in taking the right intervention for the patient. However, really few surveies were done comparing the cost-effectiveness of different DMARDs because RA is non every bit prevailing as other major diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and it does non normally result in immediate decease. The more recent cost-effectiveness analysis on DMARDs was done in Thailand from the social point of position where the costs included a direct cost and indirect cost [ Osiri et al. , 2007 ] . In order to enable numerical comparing, the cost-effectiveness of the therapies was measured utilizing the Incremental Cost-effectiveness Ratio ( ICER ) which is the entire cost in US dollar needed to accomplish one unit of ( HAQ ) Health Assessment Questionnaire, which comprised of 20 inquiries on patients ‘ self-report functional and disablement position. The ICER of each intervention was compa red against the anti-malarial monotherapy as anti-malarial was recognised as the cheapest and least efficacious DMARDs available. Comparing among the sum of 152 RA patients, it was found that MTX and SLS therapy recorded a three times lower ICER compared to MTX monotherapy, which explained that the double therapy was less dearly-won and more effectual compared to the monotherapy ( US $ 625 versus US $ 2061 per one unit of HAQ mark ) . However, this survey was non specifically directed to SLS-resistant patients. Therefore, merely a comparative comparing can be made on the cost for the current scenario. The following option of intervention for the current patient is the usage of three-base hit therapy which uses MTX, SLS and an anti-malarial. It was shown in a biennial, prospective randomised test on 180 patients that the ternary therapy had given a better curative efficaciousness over the dual- ( MTX and SLS or MTX and anti-malarial ) and MTX monotherapy irrespective of the drugs given in the early RA intervention [ Calguneri et al. , 1999 ] . Again, the incidence of inauspicious effects did non increase significantly with the addition in figure of drugs. The enhanced benefit by adding an anti-malarial agent to MTX intervention had further strengthened the grounds shown antecedently by a long-run followup survey on patients who were treated with ternary therapy. It was shown in the old survey that patients who had failed to react to at least one DMARD and treated with ternary therapy had shown continued betterment with minimum toxicity after 3 old ages compared to MTX monotherapy a nd SLS-hydroxychloroquine therapy [ O’Dell et al. , 1999 ] . Addition of anti-malarial agent to MTX had been shown to execute better than MTX-SLS combination, which proposed an implicit in interactive activity of anti-malarial and MTX when they are used together likely due to heighten MTX bioavailability by anti-malarial [ O’Dell et al. , 2002 ; Carmichael et al. , 2002 ] . In footings of the intervention cost, based on the same cost-effectiveness survey mentioned above, ternary therapy recorded a lower ICER ( US $ 1222 per one unit of HAQ mark ) than MTX monotherapy, but about twice every bit high as the ICER of MTX-SLS therapy. Other than utilizing the traditional DMARDs, the freshly developed biological anti-rheumatic drugs are besides being studied for SLS immune patients. Since RA involves a great trade of cytokines activities, specific cytokines blockers have been investigated to stamp down or modify the redness procedure. The most normally used biological agents include infliximab, etanercept and adalimumab which target the tissue mortification factor, TNF-I ± , which is one of the chief cytokines released by macrophage that farther induces the release of other cytokines which are responsible for the redness. NICE guidelines emphasized that TNF-I ± inhibitors can merely be used when the patient has failed to react to intervention of at least two DMARDs including amethopterin. However, Combe et Al. had tried a different attack where Enbrel has been used and investigated in patients specifically having SLS intervention but still have ailment of active RA without affecting MTX [ Combe et al. , 2006 ] . It was found that etanercept monotherapy or in combination with SLS had given better betterment in American College of Rheumatology ( ACR ) standards compared to patients treated with SLS entirely. There was no important difference in the efficaciousness in the etanercept monotherapy and combination group. However, there was a significantly higher incidence rate of side-effects such as concern, sickness and astheny in the combination group while a higher hazard of infections and injection side reactions were recorded in patients with etanercept entirely. Besides that, as a biological drug, TNF-I ± inhibitors can non get away the fact of doing serious inauspicious effects such as malignance, demyelination and increased susceptibleness to infections like TB [ Nahar et al. , 2003 ] . However when the ratio of efficaciousness over toxicity is concerned, a meta-analysis showed that TNF inhibitors have a higher ratio than gold and sulfasalazine [ Ravindran et al. , 2008 ] . Again, whe n cost is concerned, etanercept intervention, as expected is much expensive compared to DMARDs, where the cost was shown to be more than twice higher than the most expensive DMARD available, cyclosporin [ Jobanputra et al. , 2002 ] . TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION Comparing the four options available, MTX monotherapy, MTX-SLS dual-therapy, ternary therapy and etanercept therapy, MTX-SLS dual-therapy seems to be the best intervention for the current patient as it is supported by groundss for its lower cost with comparable efficaciousness in SLS immune patients. It might non be the most effectual intervention compared to treble therapy, but it is ever advisable to understate the figure of drugs used in a patient to forestall unneeded inauspicious effects or drug interactions. However, there is still possibility that the patient may still be unresponsive to the dual-therapy as there is no definite warrant on the action of the therapy on every RA patient and the possibility of developing immune to MTX. Thus, the National Clinical Guidelines recommends monthly reappraisal of CRP ( C-Reactive Protein ) , an inflammatory marker and other cardinal constituents of disease activity such as DAS 28 ( Disease Activity Score based on 28 articulations ) unti l the disease is controlled by the given intervention to a degree antecedently discussed and agreed by the patients. If there is still no satisfactory respond, farther change in the therapy needs to be done such as sing the ternary therapy or etanercept therapy. Besides giving the slow-acting disease modifying drugs, SIGN 48 guidelines suggest the usage of intra-articular injection of corticoids to give rapid diagnostic alleviation before the oncoming of the new DMARDs therapy. Oral corticoids are non preferred to be used as a long-run intervention as it can do serious inauspicious consequence on bone mass and GI systems and it merely shows benefit in the early intervention of active RA [ Saag et al. , 1995 ; Kirwan et al. , 1995 ] If injection is non possible, so low dosage of unwritten corticoid is used in a shortest continuance possible [ Laan et al. , 1995 ] . For the diagnostic hurting control on top of DMARDs, mentioning to SIGN 48 guidelines, whenever possible, simple anodynes such as paracetamol are preferred over NSAIDs due to set up side-effects peculiarly GI annoyance. If simple anodynes are non powerful plenty to alleviate the hurting, a low dose NSAIDs such as isobutylphenyl propionic acid or more selective Cyclooxygenase ( Cox-2 ) inhibitors such as etoricoxib can be prescribed for the shortest continuance possible. When NSAIDs or Cox-2 inhibitors have to be used, coincident usage of GI protective medicine such as proton-pump inhibitors should be considered for aged and patients with history of GI ulcerations. Both NICE and SIGN guidelines recommend that dosage of NSAIDs should be reviewed and reduced once patients show equal response to DMARDs. In drumhead, the patient should be continued with SLS, at the same clip, added with MTX as the combined DMARDs therapy. In add-on, intra-articular or short-course unwritten corticoid should be commenced as a â€Å" span therapy † before the oncoming of action of the new DMARDs therapy. For diagnostic control, if paracetamol is non equal to relief hurting, NSAIDs such as diclofenac together with a proton pump inhibitor such as Prilosec can be used unless it is contraindicated in the patient, so a Cox-2 inhibitor such as etoricoxib should be used. Besides that, patient would be put on a monthly monitoring to reexamine the effectivity of the new therapy. 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Myocardial Infarction Symptoms and Treatment-MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Myocardial Infarction : Symptoms and Treatments. Answer: Introduction: Smoking and alcohol consumption are the most causes of myocardial infarction. Mr. Savea was associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. Older age, family history, genetic factors, hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol and low density lipoprotein levels are the risk factors associated with myocardial infarction. Myocardial infarction can also be developed due lack of physical activity, lack of exercise and mental stress. Smoking, obesity, lack of exercise and stress are responsible for occurrence of myocardial infarction in 36 %, 20 %, 12 % and 3 % people respectively. Mr. Savea is older person and associated with obesity, hypertension and high level of cholesterol. Hence, these factors are responsible for occurrence of myocardial infarction in Mr. Savea. Chest pain can occur in people with angina. Reduced supply of blood to heart muscles is responsible for the occurrence of chest pain in angina. This angina can be developed due to myocardial infraction. Syst emic embolism can be developed due to Mitral valve stenosis and systemic embolism can leads to myocardial infraction. Mr. Savea is associated with both angina and Mitral valve stenosis (Mehta et al., 2014; Cardoz et al. 2015). Worldwide 15.9 million populations are suffering through myocardial infraction and approximately 1 million people in US are suffering through myocardial infraction. Myocardial infraction treatment is expensive and it ranked fifth position in expensive treatment and approximately 10 % patients end into the death due to myocardial infraction. These risk factors for myocardial infraction are same in all parts of the world. Upto 5 cigarettes consumption per day can lead to myocardial infraction in 40 % people. Mr. Savea was affected adversely due to myocardial infraction because it was difficult for him to attend his job due to myocardial infraction. Myocardial infraction adversely affected Mr. Savea both socially and psychologically. Being a myocardial infraction patient, Mr. Savea couldt participate in social activities and couldt meet friends. Hence, he might feel socially isolated due to myocardial infraction. Psychological effects like depression and low moral can exist in Mr. Savea. More amount of money need to be spend on the treatment of myocardial infraction and he could not attend his job. Hence, there would be considerable financial impact on Mr Saveas family. Mr. Saveas family might be under stressful condition due to diseased condition (Valensi et al., 2011). Myocardial infraction is predominantly associated with chest pain. Insufficient blood supply to myocardial cells is mainly responsible for the occurrence of chest pain. Imbalanced blood supply and demand to the myocardiaum are also responsible for chest pain. Chest pain in myocardial infarction can lasts upto 20 minutes. Chest pain in myocardial infarction radiate to shoulder and right arm (Malik et al., 2013). Patients with myocardial infraction are also associated with shortness of breath. Shortness of breath impairment in myocardial infration reflects effect of cardiovascular impairment on functioning of respiratory system. As a result of heart damage, cardiac output from the left ventricle can be reduced. This leads to the left ventricular failure and as a result pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema adversely affects breathing pattern by affecting amount of exhaled and inhaled air. Reduced inhalation of air can lead to reduced oxygen saturation. Reduced oxygen saturation leads to compensatory mechanism of increased breathing rate to supply more amount of oxygen. Increased breathing rate leads to shortened breath in patients with myocardial infraction (Botker et al., 2016). Insufficient supply of blood to the brain tissues can lead to the occurrence of loss of consciousness. Reduced supply of blood supply results in less amount of oxygen to the brain tissues which leads to the death of brain tissues, consequently brain dysfunction and loss of consciousness (Lu et al., 2015; Sandler et al., 2011). Increased firing of the sympathetic nervous system occurs in the patients with myocardial infraction. Fight or fligt response occurs mainly due to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Sweat glands get stimulated and consequently sweating occurs due to activation of sympathetic nervous system. Chest pain is responsible for the increased hormone secretion. These hormonal changes can produce bradycardia and hypertension in patients with myocardial infraction. Bradycardia and hypertension are responsible for increased sweating (Gokhroo et al., 2016). Less supply of oxygen to tissues results in the metabolic activity in the cells and reduced ATP generation. This reduced ATP levels can lead to fatigue development in patients with myocardial infraction. Mainly two types of drugs can be used in the management of myocardial infraction like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) and beta-blocker. Conversion of angiotensin I (AI) to angiotensin II (AII) can be blocked by ACE inhibitors. ACE is the significant component of the reninangiotensin system. Within 24 hours of evidence of myocardial infraction, ACE inhibitors should be administered. ST elevation MI (STEMI) patients are more beneficial with ACE inhibitors as compared to the non-ST elevation MI (NSTEMI). ACE inhibitors are helpful in reducing arteriolar resistance, increasing venous capacity, reducing cardiac volume and capacity and reducing resistance in blood vessels. Blood vessels dilatation, decreased blood pressure and reduced demand of blood by the heart can occur due to inhibition of ACE enzyme. ACE inhibitors also produce its action through activation of parasympathetic nervous system. ACE inhibitors reduce vasoconstriction effects of noreoinephrine by reducing plasma levels of norepinephrine. Zofenopril, perindopril, trandolapril, captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril are the commonly used ACE inhibitors. Cough, hyperkalemia, headache, reduced blood pressure, dizziness, fatigue, nausea, and renal impairment are the common side effects of ACE inhibitors. Duration of survival of myocardial infarction patients can be improved by administering ACE inhibitors (Bangalore et al., 2017; Lubarsky and Coplan, 2007) Beta blockers produce its effects by acting as competitive antagonist of endogenous catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine receptors on adrenergic beta receptors. These drugs are specifically administered in case of second attack of myocardial infraction. Existing beta blocker drugs are acting on all the beta adrenergic receptors and also acting on individual beta adrenergic receptors like 1, 2 and 3 receptors. These beta blockers can be administered as adjuvant therapies for ACE inhibitors and diuretics in patients with myocardial infraction. Most commonly used beta blockers are bisoprolol, carvedilol and sustained-release metoprolol (Bangalore et al., 2014). Beta blockers also produce its effects by decreasing secretion of rennin by acting on rennin-angiotensin system. Beta blockers gives relief from ischemic chest pain by reducing oxygen demand by heart, reducing heart rate, reducing blood pressure and reducing contractibility of blood vessels. Beta blockers increases ventr icular fibrillation threshold and reduces ventricular fibrillation. Beta blockers also reduce infract size and prevent development of infraction (Kezerashvili et al., 2012). Pain management: Nurse should assess characteristics of pain in Mr. Savea by verbalizing him and collecting non-verbal cues for him. Nurse should evaluate intensity of pain in him on scale of 0 10 and compare it with the previous episodes of pain in him. Nurse should instruct Mr. Savea to report pain in timely manner and he should report pain in terms of duration and intensity. Pain can be relieved in Mr. Savea by providing calm and relaxed environment. For this purpose he should be taught with deep breathing which is a relaxation technique. His attention also should be distracted form pain. Antianginals like nitroglycerin, beta blockers like propranolol and analgesis like morphine should be administered in him to relieve him from pain (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2015). For the assessment of cardiac output, nurse should record blood pressure in Mr. Savea. This blood pressure should be assessed by asking him to sit and stand. Along with blood pressure heart rate and respiratory rate also should be assessed. Mr. Savea should perform different activities while recording heart rate and blood pressure. In between these activities, suitable rest should be provided to him. Caffeinated and carbonated drinks should be avoided in him. Cardiac output, ECG, chest X-ray and laboratory tests like cardiac enzymes, ABG (arterial blood gas) and electrolytes should be assessed in Mr. Savea. Antidysrhythmic medications should be administered in Mr. Savea and pacemaker should be used (deWit and Kumagai, 2014). Impairment in tissue perfusion is associated with conditions like anxiety, lethargy and confusion in Mr. Savea. Nurse should monitor for these conditions in Mr. Savea. Tissue perfusion also can be monitored by monitoring food consumption and urine output. Assessm ent of erythema and edema should be performed in Mr. Savea. Tests for ABGs, BUN, prothrombin time, creatinine, and electrolytes should be performed in Mr. Savea. Anticoagulant and antacid drugs should be administered in Mr. Savea. Reperfusion therapy also should be performed in Mr. Savea (Anderson and Taylor, 2014). 2000 mL/24 hr fluid balance should be maintained in Mr. Savea. This fluid balance should be in the range of cardiovascular tolerance. Reduced cardiac output should be recorded and fluid balance should be balanced. Antidiuretic drugs should be administered in Mr. Savea along with the administration of low sodium and liquid administration (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2015). Activity intolerance: Nurse should advise him to increase activity level in stepwise manner. These activities include getting up form bed and ambulation in sitting position. Nurse should monitor all the activities of Mr. Savea and assess intolerance in his activities to provide required nursing intervention (deWit and Kumagai, 2014). Nurse should monitor Mr. Saveas behavior for abandonment and rejection from tests and medication consumption. Anxiety behavior should be noted in the form of verbal and non-verbal from. For the management of anxiety, nurse should inform him about detailed procedure to be carried out and information about the medications. Nurse should give him confidence for improvement in his condition. Nurse should take him in confidence and provide comfortable environment for his anxiety management (Ignatavicius and Workman, 2015). References: Anderson, L., and Taylor, R.S. (2014). Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 12, doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011273. Bangalore, S., Makani, H., Radford, M., Thakur, K., et al., (2014). Clinical outcomes with -blockers for myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. The American Journal of Medicine. 127(10), 93953. Bangalore, S., Fakheri, R., Wandel, S., Toklu, B., Wandel, J., and Messerli, F.H. (2017). Renin angiotensin system inhibitors for patients with stable coronary artery disease without heart failure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. British Medical Journal, doi: 10.1136/bmj.j4. Botker, M. T., Stengaard, C., Andersen, M. S., Sondergaard, H. M., et al., (2016). Dyspnea, a high-risk symptom in patients suspected of myocardial infarction in the ambulance? A population-based follow-up study. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine, 24, 15. doi: 10.1186/s13049-016-0204-9. Cardoz, J., Jayaprakash, K., and George, R. (2015). Mitral stenosis and acute ST elevation myocardial infarction. Proceedings (Baylor University Medical Center), 28(2), 207209. deWit, S. C., and Kumagai, C. K. (2014). Medical-Surgical Nursing - E-Book: Concepts Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Gokhroo, R. K., Ranwa, B. L., Kishor, K., Priti, K., et al., (2016). Sweating: A Specific Predictor of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Among the Symptoms of Acute Coronary Syndrome: Sweating In Myocardial Infarction (SWIMI) Study Group. Clinical Cardiology, 39(2), 9095 (2016) Ignatavicius, D. D., and Workman, M. L. (2015). Medical-surgical Nursing: Patient-centered Collaborative Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kezerashvili, A., Marzo, K., and De Leon, J. (2012). Beta Blocker Use After Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Patient with Normal Systolic Function: When is it Ok to Discontinue? Current Cardiology Reviews, 8(1), 7784. Lu, L., Liu, M., Sun, R., Zheng, Y., and Zhang, P. (2015). Myocardial Infarction: Symptoms and Treatments. Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics, 72(3), 865-7. Lubarsky, L., and Coplan, N. L. (2007). Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Clinical Approach. Preventive Cardiology, 10(3), 156159. Malik, M. A., Khan, S. A., Safdar, S., and Taseer, I. (2013). Chest Pain as a presenting complaint in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, 29(2), 565568. Mehta, P.K., Wei, J., and Wenger, N.K. (2014). Ischemic heart disease in women: A focus on risk factors. Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 25(2), 140151. Sandler, B., Furniss, S., and McWilliams, E. (2011). Transient loss of consciousness in a patient with a Brugada like ECG. Clinical Practice, 1(4), e123. Valensi, P., Lorgis, L., Cottin, Y., Cottin, L. (2011). Prevalence, incidence, predictive factors and prognosis of silent myocardial infarction: a review of the literature. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, 104(3), 17888.

Why Napleon Was A Success Essay Essays - Napoleon, French Emperors

Why Napleon Was a Success Essay Napoleon Bonaparte, was born on August 15, 1769 in Ajaccio, Corsica. He had 7 brothers and sisters. His original nationality was Corsican-Italian. He also despised the French. He thought they were oppressors of his native land. His father was a lawyer, and was also anti-French. One reason Napoleon may have been such a conqueror was he was raised in a family of radicals. In 1784 to 1785 Napoleon attended the Ecole Militaire in Paris. That was the place where he received his military training. He studied to be an artillery man and an officer. He finished his training and joined the French army when he was 16 years old. Soon after that his father died, Napoleon was stationed in Paris in 1792. After the French monarchy was overthrown on August 10, 1792, Napoleon decided to make his move up in the ranks. After this, Napoleon started becoming a recognized officer. In 1792 Napoleon was prompted to the rank of captain. In 1793 he was chosen to direct the artillery against the siege in Toulon. He seized ground where he could get his guns in range of the British ships. Soon after that Toulon fell and Napoleon was promoted to the rank of brigadier general. When Napoleon was made commander of the French army in Italy. He defeated four Austrian generals in succession, and each army he fought got bigger and bigger. This forced Austria and its allies to make peace with France. During this campaign the French realized how smart Napoleon was. He developed a tactic that worked very efficiently. He would cut the enemy's army in to two parts, then throw all his force on one side before the other side could rejoin them. This method was extremely effective against the Sardinian troops, because he defeated them five times in 11 days. When Napoleon returned to Paris he receive a huge welcome. He then began thinking of pursuing political power and military power. He wanted to become the next Alexander the Great, so he asked the Directory if he could take a large army to Egypt. That way he could conquer an empire that included Egypt, India, and other middle and far east places. Napoleon came up with a neat idea to accomplish this. If he conquered Egypt, he could attack the English's route to India. He won the battle of the Pyramids in July 1798. But his fleet was destroyed at the Battle of the Nile in Aboukir Bay. So Napoleon decided to invade Syria. The English and Turkish troops in Syria had held up against Napoleon. Napoleon then retreated to Egypt. Then later in July 1799, he defeated 10,000 Turks at Aoukir. He returned to France shortly after. The above are just a few of many examples of why Napoleon was and Outstanding success.

A-Bomb essays

A-Bomb essays World War II was a long and painful experience for all the countries involved. The European side of the war had come to a close, and now the US and their allies were forced to make a decision that would change the course of history forever. The world had known for years that nuclear fission had monstrous potential. That the dropping of one bomb could potentially wipe out a city or perhaps do absolutely nothing at all. The United States had numerous reasons to drop the bomb whether it was politically, militarily, or economically. The United States had a decision to make with only two options both would cause the deaths of hundreds of thousands of men and women. The only question was in what area did they have more to loose? In the 1930s the US was in a period of isolation, they wanted to avoid war at all costs. They were in a deep depression and concerned only about the welfare of its own citizens. When Japan began to attack Asia in an effort to unite all Asians, it did not entirely concern the American public. Japan began to move throughout Asia taking over Asian speaking lands. The Americans tried a few tricks to try and discourage these activities, the placed embargos on Japan and they gave some assistance to China, but other than that the Americans did not overly involve themselves in Asias affairs. So when Japan sunk the Panay, Americans settled for nothing more than an apology. Japan took this as a sign of weakness and being a paper tiger. This eventually lead Japan to the conclusion that they could attack Pearl Harbor and get away with it. They underestimated the will of the Americans and the strength of the public to overcome adversity. So when Japan attacked the United States on December 7, 1941, they awoke a sleeping giant and aroused a fury that could not be tamed. When the United States entered World War II, they had an obligation to help the allies fighting in Europe, but their main concern was the Paci...

Rhetoric from Homer to Augustine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rhetoric from Homer to Augustine - Essay Example Antique civilization contributed a lot to our modern science and laid foundation of modern scientific conceptions of the world inside and outside of us. Rhetoric is just one point of ancient heritage. Rhetoric from Homer to Augustine went through the phase of its origin and becoming when fundament of this art was laid. 2. Rhetoric in Greece was one of the three liberal arts. So it was a very important art. In Homer days rhetoric was not widely developed yet, but it is possible to say that Homer's contribution to rhetoric is obvious. His epic poems "Iliad" and "Odyssey" were full of poetic dialogues, argumentations and word exercises for achieving different goals. His poetry influenced further poetic and rhetoric development in Greece. But in 5th century B. C. rhetoric became known for wide people through sophists. They thought people skill of argumentation. Sophists' work was valued rather high as they helped people to defend their personal interests, not always fair. So this form of teaching soon declined. Plato's teaching was another significant step to rhetoric development. He was an opponent for the sophists. ... Aristotle developed Plato's ideas and went further. He introduced rhetoric as a system of particular skills necessary for an orator. It was the next step of rhetoric development. Aristotle identified three main elements of rhetorical art: character of an orator, his emotions and his language. It is very important to feel the character of the audience, its structure - it will help to choose correct ways of influence on it. Orator's character and emotions must be directed to the goals of the speech - his speech must be emotionally-colored, bright and address everybody's hearts and feelings. The choice of appropriate language is also important. It in turn depends on the audience structure and goals to be achieved. So Aristotle's system influenced rhetoric very much and prepared fertile ground for its further rise and development.3. Rhetoric in Ancient Rome took much from that of Greece, but there were its own features. The main figures of Roman rhetoric were Cicero and Quintilian. Cicer o was one of the most brilliant orators of the ancient world. His speeches were full of expression, his influence on the audience was great, his oratorical methods were much imitated in his days and by later orators. Cicero's works on rhetoric were influenced this art in Rome and for further rhetoric development in general. Quintilian's treatise "Institutes of Oratory" was the next step of rhetorical skills systematization. He wrote about five main rhetorical canons. These are: development of an argument; its arrangement and organization for achieving an appropriate effect; definition of the speech style for a determined audience; speech delivery methods; orator's memory needed to keep in mind all elements of the speech. Quintilian's

Huge selling concentration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Huge selling concentration - Essay Example Consequently it gives competitive advantage to the exporter while entering into a new geographical market and that advantage further consolidates while there are alliances with local distributors and sellers. The local alliances will help in understanding and acquiring skills that are necessary for existence in new geographical market. After alliances the strategy plays key role in making the foray into new geographical market a success. Next aspect that needs discussion in this paper is the production unit that needs to be set up in the new geographical area and selling it. The difference between the former context and the later is that the manufacturer should have much closer relations with the distributors and can have price advantage while marketing as the product is manufactured locally. However, the considerations may alter when the manufacturing a product in a geographical area is a costly process than the making of it in the origin of the company. 1 In the present era, the distribution plan is a time taking plan that involves different delivery systems and multiple logistical channel options. Online inventory tracking is one of the logistical channels and automated fulfillment adds to it. ... Online inventory tracking is one of the logistical channels and automated fulfillment adds to it. The faster transportation despite the online inventory process and automated fulfillment changes the face of distribution and provides an advantage over the competitors. The online inventory helps the marketing manager to furnish the required goods to the marketing channels as well as providing information for the production department so that they can plan production according to marketing needs. However, the distribution options differ with consumer package products, business to business/industrial manufacturing or service industries. When the distribution option varies, marketing manager should observe the change in role of distribution. Hence, the distribution options change from product to product. In case of consumer package product, the distribution role is complex as it depends on retailer. Normally, in the era of competition, manufacturers are planning the marketing strategy, so that they can give the product at the customer's doorstep. This involves three types of distribution options. The first and conventional one is producer-wholesaler-retailer-customer. The second one is producer-retailer-customer. The third and the latest option is producer to consumer. In the first context, the transportation and logistical problems are minimized for the producer but the results depend on the efficiency of the wholesalers and retailers between producer and customer. In the second one, as the wholesaler has been removed from the network, the retailer acts as both wholesaler and retailer due to presence of retail chains over a large geographical area. In

Dialogue between Two Women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Dialogue between Two Women - Essay Example One major difference between the two centuries is the industrial revolution that changed the whole social dynamics of the world. Flora: But it has changed. Nowadays seeking a profession for a woman is not taboo. But most of the professions that women get areas housemaids or if they are good at reading and writing, they can be teachers or they can become novelists like me. Jane: Well, that sounds nice, even though your century seems more open, but still women are not equal to men in social dynamics. I don’t know about the specific roles in your society but here in the eighteenth century, we women, usually after the age of 23, wait for their prince charming to knock at their doorstep. We have to show shyness and have to act delicate, that attracts men and we can get married. Flora: I understand but here in my century, times have slightly changed. Many women professionals (mostly artists) are stepping up to the challenge. We don’t necessarily have to get married and think about children only. A woman who now seeks a career and lives life on their own terms are now looked upon by many women. You were born in the romantic era, where the romance was in full swing, the typical romance where the man takes the initiative and takes the lead. I am born in the Victorian era where women rulers are looked upon. Jane: Even though women’s roles in your time are more liberal but I would cling to the modesty of my 18th century. There are no restrictions on women in choosing the profession and earning a living for themselves but the Victorian era makes them the ruler which is somewhat of an unknown territory. At times it does feel alluring but I have my reservations. Flora: I enjoy the liberty and choices my century has given me. We are more independent and are more involved in the social dynamics.

Handwriting recognition software

Handwriting recognition software Handwriting recognition is said to be growing rapidly in the current globalization. Handwriting recognition is something that is able to describe the ability of computer to translate the human writing to text writing. Handwriting recognition is a method where a computer system can recognize characters. It also can recognize other symbols written by hand which is natural handwriting. This handwriting recognition is a technology that is used to identify certain things and also it is used on devices. For an example, it is used in PDA and tablet PCs. In this device, a stylus is used to handwrite on the screen of the PDA with the stylus and then the computer turns the handwriting into a digital text. Handwriting recognition is a technology that has been in this technology world since the 1980s but only now it has been used rapidly. Handwriting technologys aim is to mainly let people to write what they normally write and it eventually digitize the writing that they made. There are many ways that this handwriting recognition works. Handwriting recognition is an electronic device that is able to determine what is person is writing. This process is done by turning the words into conventional type on a computer and other than that, it also can be done by reflecting the persons handwriting on the computer. There are certain devices that predict what the person wants to write. Handwriting recognition plays a big role in the technology world now. It also plays an important role in the storage and in the recovery of critical handwriting information. This handwriting recognition ensures an accurate medical care and it also reduces storage costs. It ensures that an essential field of research remains available to students in the future. In this era of globalization, technologies continue to improve and improve more in no time. NestorWriter was the first handwriting recognition device found. The one who started the NestorWriter is Dr. Charles Elbaum and he is the one who also developed the NestorWriter. This all happen at the beginning, when many other companies tried to develop these devices and machines all through the years of 1990s. But most of the companies failed, but the devices didnt improve that much as they wanted. There are two types of handwriting recognition techniques; Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Online Recognition. Optical Character Recognition Optical Character Recognition is the first handwriting recognition techniques. Optical Character Recognition is the most successful handwriting recognition in the mainstream. Most of the scanning suits offer some form of the Optical Character Recognition. This form allows the users to scan the handwritten documents to be scan and it translates the words into basic text documents in the computer. That is how simple and easy it is. Optical Character Recognition is also used by some archivists. They use it as a way of converting large quantities of handwritten historical documents into an easy searchable text documents. The Optical Character Recognition changes the documents into a digital form which can be read and kept safe. This handwriting recognition system is so useful. Online Recognition This is the second type of the handwriting recognition, Online Recognition. This Online Recognition experienced a flow in popularity. Apple Computers released a handheld device called the Newton in the 1990s. This Newton device was made use of the first widely available handwriting recognition interface. A small stylus was used to write on the Newtons screen and this Newton device will recognize the letters that are written and convert as a text document. This made the Newton device to have more popularity than expected. Later as years pass by, the Palm Company tried a new handwriting recognition system. The Palm Company named the system Graffiti. The Graffiti system didnt only rely on the tradition Roman alphabet but the Graffiti system defined more on its own system by using much simpler line-strokes as a stand-in for each and every letter. This was an advantage for the Graffiti system as it allowed a higher success rate in identifying letters and also in learning a users variations. At the same time it made a steep for learning curve which kept most mainstream users at bay. Other than that, the Microsoft Corporations Tablet PCs also make use of the handwriting recognition system. The Tablet PCs didnt take an attempt to learn the users shading whereas the Tablet PCs draw an extensive database of character variation. This system appeared to have a higher success rate than the other adaptive system because of its extensive database of character variation. Handwriting Recognition software became more useful because of the mainstreaming of PDAs and cellular phones with the stylus inputs. This made the handwriting recognition system to be more useful and grow rapidly from time to time. Handwriting Recognition has many advantages that made it grow rapidly in the technology word now. There is much different kind of technologies that abide to enable others to take advantage of the handwriting recognition. The way this work was when people write letters a different way and they let the computer know what the intended letter was and change in to a text document. But the problem with this was the different way that the letters are written and this could make unnatural feel to the person who is writing it. Another way of appreciating this technology is that just write and the computer changes it to a text document but at the same time, the computer doesnt always get the right word and sometimes it insert the wrong letters. Certain cell phones have the handwriting recognition system in it. The advantage of this is that it allows people to write on the cell phones using stylus and then the phone software translates the written words to the phone in text. But at the same time, the problem or called as disadvantage of this again is the same problem that the original software face, which is the unnatural letters strokes and sometimes the software predict the letters wrongly. This is one of the reasons that not all phones have this software in it. Additionally, there are many more advantages of handwriting recognition system. Data storage, for an example, there are many files, contracts and some personal records that contains some handwritten information and notes. Certain of these documents contains original signature or notes that might not be electronically stored but this problems are overcome with the use of handwriting recognition system. Handwriting recognition software allows user to translate all those signature and notes into electronic words in a text document format. The advantage of this electronic storage is that this data only requires far less physical space than the storage of the physical copies. Another advantage of the electronic storage is also that it requires fewer employees to sort the documents through, organize and to keep the data storage warehouse. Other than that, data retrieval is another advantage of handwriting recognition. Physical data retrieval always requires personnel to sort through physical copies of old information. The data must always have been stored and correctly organized and also it must have proper maintenance and upkeep on the physical copies. To retain this information or data, we perform electronic data retrieval by using a file search by using specific keywords, for example, like the names and the dates of the file or document. Handwriting recognition software allows the old files to be saved in a proper electronic format. This is how handwriting recognition software helps in saving the old files or important document. For an example, some clinics prefer keeping their patients medical records and handwriting recognition helps in this situation by keeping these medical records safe in the computer. This data or files can be reviewed and updated time to time when needed without worrying if the date will be lost. Moreover, another advantage of handwriting recognition is historical preservation. Historical papers mostly exists has physical format. Examples of historical papers are genealogical information, written manuscripts, old family records, and some personal diaries and sometimes even shared old past stories. But still sometimes, these historical papers might be damaged or corrupted due to some accidents and there is when handwriting recognition software is really very helpful. Handwriting recognition helps to transform the writings in the papers to a text document format which can also be said as readable electronic format. By this way, historical facts can be stored, reviewed and shared easily too many people. Lastly, the advantage is textual studies. A textual study is a category of literature studies. Literature studies involve reviewing the original manuscripts of literature in comparison with the printed version. This means that the story has been dug and changed at the hands of the editors hand after coming from the hands of the author. This is why original manuscripts are cared very well but still this requires a complete review of the manuscript. Handwriting recognition helps to keep safe these original manuscripts in an electronic format and it can be reviewed without damaging the original copy of the manuscripts. The disadvantage of handwriting recognition technologies is that not everyones handwriting is the same, everyone writes differently. This starts the problem in the handwriting recognition technology when it need to translate a persons handwriting into type and because of this problem many companies failed to perform well because many couldnt effectively use the program well enough. In a nutshell, handwriting recognition is very useful software that really helps to safe and keeps data and documents well. But at time it also has its disadvantage such as that sometimes if fails to read certain peoples handwriting and due to this many people do not prefer to use the handwriting recognition software that much. Even though handwriting recognition has its disadvantages but still it is growing rapidly in the technology world. Handwriting recognition is used when there are certain people who prefer writing on the screens rather than writing it on a paper. As far as seen, handwriting recognition will still grow fast in the technology world if it is upgraded more well.

Is Jesus A Socialist - The Jun :: essays research papers

The Jungle – Is Jesus a Socialist?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many interpretations that different individuals can develop on one event, material, or thing, and on such example is the Bible. In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair, an advocate of Socialism, uses a character to tie Socialism with Jesus. The character is an â€Å"ex-preacher,† called Lucas, who portrays Jesus as a Socialist by using his actions and words to conform with Socialist ideas. Although one cannot say interpretations are right or wrong, Sinclair blasphemously uses the Bible for his own ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of Lucas’s speech on Jesus he says that Jesus was a man â€Å"whose whole being was one flame of hatred for wealth, and all that wealth stands† (Sinclair 334). There are examples in the Bible that might lead one to infer that Jesus was a hater of wealth, but he didn’t. In fact, he dined at many wealthy individuals’ houses, i.e. â€Å"Jesus at a Pharisee’s House† (Luke 14:1-24). If he hated the rich and â€Å"well to do† he would not even associate with them. Jesus only disliked the many lavish things that rich people did with their wealth, which blocked their relationship with God. For example, in Luke 16:19-31 there is a story about a rich man and Lazarus, a beggar covered with boils. The rich man did not help Lazarus one bit, even though Lazarus’s condition was so bad, being covered in sores, that â€Å"even the dogs came and licked his sores† (Luke 16:21). The rich man daily â€Å" was dressed in purple and fine linen and lived in luxury every day† (Luke 16:19), but would not spare some food for Lazarus who â€Å"[longed] to eat what fell from the rich man’s table† (Luke 16:21). Eventually both Lazarus and the rich man died, Lazarus was received into Heaven, and Lazarus fell into hell. The rich man suffering in hell saw Abraham with Lazarus far away, and called out, â€Å"Father Abraham, have pity on me and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, because I am in agony in this fire† (Luke 16:24). But Father Abraham replied, â€Å"Son remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things, but now he is comforted here and you are in agony† (Luke 16:24). Jesus showed others that the rich man ignored God’s will by indulging himself in his wealth, and failed to receive eternal life by ignoring the simplistic need of Lazarus. Is Jesus A Socialist - The Jun :: essays research papers The Jungle – Is Jesus a Socialist?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many interpretations that different individuals can develop on one event, material, or thing, and on such example is the Bible. In The Jungle, Upton Sinclair, an advocate of Socialism, uses a character to tie Socialism with Jesus. The character is an â€Å"ex-preacher,† called Lucas, who portrays Jesus as a Socialist by using his actions and words to conform with Socialist ideas. Although one cannot say interpretations are right or wrong, Sinclair blasphemously uses the Bible for his own ideas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the beginning of Lucas’s speech on Jesus he says that Jesus was a man â€Å"whose whole being was one flame of hatred for wealth, and all that wealth stands† (Sinclair 334). There are examples in the Bible that might lead one to infer that Jesus was a hater of wealth, but he didn’t. In fact, he dined at many wealthy individuals’ houses, i.e. â€Å"Jesus at a Pharisee’s House† (Luke 14:1-24). If he hated the rich and â€Å"well to do† he would not even associate with them. Jesus only disliked the many lavish things that rich people did with their wealth, which blocked their relationship with God. For example, in Luke 16:19-31 there is a story about a rich man and Lazarus, a beggar covered with boils. The rich man did not help Lazarus one bit, even though Lazarus’s condition was so bad, being covered in sores, that â€Å"even the dogs came and licked his sores† (Luke 16:21). The rich man daily â€Å" was dressed in purple and fine linen and lived in luxury every day† (Luke 16:19), but would not spare some food for Lazarus who â€Å"[longed] to eat what fell from the rich man’s table† (Luke 16:21). Eventually both Lazarus and the rich man died, Lazarus was received into Heaven, and Lazarus fell into hell. The rich man suffering in hell saw Abraham with Lazarus far away, and called out, â€Å"Father Abraham, have pity on me and send Lazarus to dip the tip of his finger in water and cool my tongue, because I am in agony in this fire† (Luke 16:24). But Father Abraham replied, â€Å"Son remember that in your lifetime you received your good things, while Lazarus received bad things, but now he is comforted here and you are in agony† (Luke 16:24). Jesus showed others that the rich man ignored God’s will by indulging himself in his wealth, and failed to receive eternal life by ignoring the simplistic need of Lazarus.

Fire in Religious School in Mecca

Refer to next paragraph. On the 11th of March, 2002, fire struck a girls school in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Firemen and concerned citizens were quickly on the scene. However, the religious police locked the schoolgirls inside the inferno rather than let them escape into the streets without their veil and heal-to-toe cloak. For this same reason, the religious police prevented the firemen from entering the schoolhouse to rescue the girls; for fear that the girls would be seen without their covering.Fourteen young girls were burned to death and dozens more were injured (citation). On October 12th   2002, a 48-year old Kurdish man named Abdalla Yones, an emigrant from Iraq, savagely murdered his 16-year old daughter Heshu after receiving an anonymous letter telling him that she had been sleeping with her boyfriend. (Asthana & Mistry).This treatment of women in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran.This isn’t the real assignment. Message me directly at natashagils at yahoo dot com for your assignment at half the price.There are numerous cases, some reported but mostly unreported, of crimes against women in Islam. Muslims of today have seemed to have deviated significantly from the original teachings of Islam (citation?). Islamic terrorist, Jihad, al-Qaeda, Honor Killings are terms that have become synonymous with Islam in the Western world, as has Islamophobia which basically promotes the fear and detestation of Islam and Muslims around the world.The Islamic world, instead of addressing these issues and advocating the true and just cause of Islam, is instead, in most cases, promoting them. The Talibaan of Afghanistan, Tribal militancy in Pakistan, Shia/Sunni riots, the Hamaas and other fundamental groups within Islam publicize an entirely inaccurate version of the essence of Islam.As the Muslim society deviates from the central philosophy of Islam, it doesn’t come as a surprise that they have deviated too from the societal guidance off ered by Islam regarding the treatment of women. The Quran, the Holy Book of the Muslims, and the Sunnah (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad) have laid down clearly defined rights of women, most of which aren’t adhered today. Islam was revealed to Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula when it was rife with inhumane injustice against women.Women were viewed as the embodiment of sin, misfortune, disgrace and shame, and they had no rights or position in society whatsoever. Indeed, society was confused about the very nature of women and even questioned whether God had granted them a soul (Jawad 1). Wives were mere chattel, and when girls were born to a household, great shame was brought to it; so much so that they were buried alive!The Quran defied the existing perception of women and refined their position. It outlawed female infanticide and restored their birth rights .   Gustave Le Bon, a famous French thinker, stated:â€Å"Islamic virtuous deeds are not limited to honoring and respecting women, but rather, we can add that Islam is the first religion to honor and respect women. We can easily prove this by illustrating that all religions and nations, prior to the advent of Islam, caused much harm and insult to women.† (Bon 488).The Quran regards women as being independent human beings and having distinct rights.   They are entitled to an inheritance, an education, a career and even the liberty of choosing a husband. Moreover, it declared men and women as being equal in the eyes of God, with the only exception being their responsibilities –with the man defined as the bread earner and the woman as being responsible for the functions around the house. According to the Quran,â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will, and should not treat them with harshness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Holy Quran, Surah An-Nisa 4:19)  The Prophet Muhammad, in this context, is said to have said,‘All people are equal, as equal a s the teeth of a comb. There is no claim of merit of an Arab over a non-Arab, or of a white over a black person, or of a male over a female. Only God fearing people merit a preference with God’.Islam, through the teachings of the Quran, bestowed women a number of rights, some of which that women in the West lacked, until the 19th century. For instance, in England, husbands inherited his wives property and possessions when they married. This unfair tradition continued till as late as 1882 (citation?). Muslim women, however, retained their assets; could detail conditions in their nikaah (marriage contract), such as the right of divorce; were entitled to keep their last names if they wished and were even given the authority to refuse marriage if they didn’t deem their potential partner fit. The Quran laid down these injunctions in 610 A.D. (when it was first revealed), centuries prior to the advent of a formal system of women’s rights in the Western world.Some of t he fundamental rights the Quran gives women are:1. Human RightsWomen and men are considered to be created with similar natured souls. They are considered equal to men in all spheres of life.And for women are rights over men similar to those of men over women. (Holy Quran, 2:226)Andâ€Å"O mankind! Be dutiful to your Lord, Who created you from a single person (Adam), and from him (Adam) He created his wife (Eve), and from them both He created many men and women and fear Allah through Whom you demand your mutual (rights), and (do not cut the relations of) the wombs (kinship). Surely, Allah is Ever and All-Watcher over you.† (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Nisa 4:1).2. Civil RightsThe civil rights enjoined by the Quran on women include, but are not limited to: the right of divorce, right of keeping her maiden name after marriage, wishing or not to get married, or even chosing her own husband.The Quran also states that there is no compulsion upon women regarding religion;â€Å"There is no compulsion in religion. Verily, the Right Path has become distinct from the wrong path. Whoever disbelieves in Taghut [anything worshipped other then the Real God (Allah)] and believes in Allah, then he has grasped the most trustworthy handhold that will never break. And Allah is All-Hearer, All-Knower.† (Holy Quran, Surah Al-Baqarah 2:256).3. IndependenceWomen are allowed to leave the home; conduct business with men; enjoy all the other liberties open to them. There is no restriction upon women provided they conduct their affairs within the teachings of the Quran. Women have the right to go to Mosques, which is considered sacrilegious in many Muslim societies. Not only that, but women have also the right to be Muslim pastors. Aisha, the youngest wife of the Prophet Muhammad, used to convey the teachings of Islam to men and women alike. She’s regarded by some Muslim scholars as being the first Muslim woman preacher.The Quran is very clear in its laws regarding women. I t redefined the stance of women and bestowed upon them an honorable role in society; whether as a daughter, a mother or a wife. Men are instructed in their fair and kind dealing towards women. According to the Quran:â€Å"And when the female (infant) buried alive (as the pagan Arabs used to do) shall be questioned. For what sin she was killed?† (Holy Quran, Surah At-Takwir 81:8-9).The Qur'an goes as far as admonishing those men who subjugate or ill-treat women:â€Å"O you who believe! You are forbidden to inherit women against their will. Nor should you treat them with harshness, that you may take away part of the dowry you have given them – except when they have become guilty of open lewdness. On the contrary live with them on a footing of kindness and equity. If you take a dislike to them, it may be that you dislike something and God will bring about through it a great deal of good†. (Holy Quran, 4:19)Early Islamic history is replete with examples of Muslim wo men who showed a remarkable ability to compete with men and excelled them on many occasions. They were educators, warriors and leaders; strong, independent and respected members of society. Unfortunately, that isn’t the case in most of the Muslim world today.Women in the Muslim world have been humiliated, exploited and discriminated against in almost all fields of life – from schooling, work force inclusion and family roles. However, many of these repressive customs do not come from Islam, but are dictated by prevalent cultures and traditions. Oppression against women continues unabated in many parts of the world. Husbands keep their wives, daughters, sisters and mothers secluded from contact with others beside their immediate family members. Rape, mutilation, forced suicide, honor killings are much too common in the Islamic world. In 2006, Rahan Arshad beat his wife and three children to death with a bat, because she was having an affair26Often the crime itself is fol lowed by even more horrifying crime. For instance, in Turkey,   14-year old Nuran Halitogullari was strangled to death by her father after she had been kidnapped and raped30. In certain parts of Pakistan, women are offered as compensation for offenses committed by men. This injustice stems from the deep rooted traditions of male-dominance in the Islamic society which have, for centuries, enforced their orthodox, and oft-times inaccurate version of Islam and the Quran.Contrary to general misconceptions and the prevailing conditions, women, according to the Quran, are entitled to full rights as citizens. Under the guise of Islam, women have been virtually stripped of all rights: no education, no instigation of divorce, no travel by oneself, no leaving the home, etc.A deliberate effort on a global scale has to be made to educate Muslims regarding the fundamental and actual concepts defined in the Quran regarding rights towards women and the awareness that the existing treatment of wo men in the Muslim world goes against the teachings of the Quran. Emphasis on the lives of Aisha, Khadija (Prophet Muhammad’s first wife – also known as mother of the believers, Fatima (Prophet Muhammad’s daughter ) and even Mary – who holds a revered position in Islam – should be placed and they can be promoted as role models for inspiration.   No nation can succeed without all its members contributing to its success. Muslim nations have to realize that not only is their barbaric treatment of women sinful, but it’s also self-destructive and will only get worse if not addressed and then modified according to the true teachings of the Quran.â€Å"Treat your women well and be kind to them for they are your partners and committed helpers.†(Ismail 83).

The Chemistry of Organic Molecules

THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC MOLECULES I. MACROMOLECULES-large molecules that are composed of smaller molecules and atoms that are bonded together. These are among the largest of all chemical molecules. A. Polymers-the largest of the macromolecules. These are composed of numerous, small identical subunits known as Monomers. There are 4 major polymers that are important for living organisms. These polymers are; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids. B. Polymers are referred to as being organic compounds. Organic compounds are compounds that contain the elements carbon and hydrogen. 1.Chemical Properties of Carbon a. Carbon has 6 electrons. What is the structure of a carbon atom? b. Carbon can form 4 single covalent bonds with other atoms. It also has the ability to form double bonds with some atoms. Overall, the 4 bonds that carbon forms with other atoms makes the carbon stable. This stability is what makes carbon an important component of macromolecules. C. Functional Groups- groups of covalently bonded atoms that have definite chemical properties. 1. These always react in the same way, regardless of what molecule they are a part of. 2. Some polymers have several functional groups. . The exact arrangement of a functional group in a molecule greatly influences and determines the chemical properties of the particular molecule. 4. Important Functional Groups: a. Hydroxyl b. Carbonyl c. Carboxyl d. Amino e. Sulfhydryl f. Phosphate D. The Formation and Destruction of Polymers 1. Dehydration (Condensation) Reactions-reactions in which monomers bond together to produce polymers. a. Water is lost from the monomers in these reactions. 2. Hydrolysis Reactions-reactions in which polymers are broken down into monomers. a. These reactions require an input of water to occur.II. 4 MAJOR POLYMERS IN LIVING ORGANISMS A. Carbohydrates B. Lipids C. Proteins D. Nucleic Acids III. CARBOHYDRATES-includes sugars and related compounds. A. Carbohydrates are composed of three maj or elements: B. Carbohydrates tend to be very strong compounds due to the presence of carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds. C. Carbohydrates serve as a major source of energy for living cells. Some carbohydrates also serve as structural compounds in living cells. D. 3 Classes of Carbohydrates 1. Monosaccharides-simple sugars a. These serve as monomers for many of the larger carbohydrates. b.Structurally, these serve as rings or chains. c. Types of Monosaccharides 1. Glucose-C6H12O6 a. Serves as a major energy source for living cells. 2. Fructose a. Isomers-compounds with the same atoms and the same number of atoms but, that have different structures. Glucose and fructose are isomers of each other. 2. Dissacharides-sugars that are composed of 2 monosaccharides that are covalently bonded together. These are formed by dehydration reactions. a. Types of Disaccharides 1. Sucrose 2. Lactose 3. Maltose 3. Polysaccharides-sugars that are composed of more than 2 monosaccharides that are ovalently bonded together. These are often very large molecules. a. What types of reactions are these formed by? b. Types of Polysaccharides 1. Starch-a stored form of glucose in plant cells. Plants can use starch for energy under times of need or stress. Amylose is a common starch. 2. Cellulose-makes up the cell wall of plant cells. This is a thick, protective polysaccharide. Many animals do not contain the needed enzymes to break this compound down. Deer, cows and a few other animals have special bacteria in their stomachs that help digest and breakdown cellulose. 3.Glycogen-the storage form of glucose in animal cells. Many animals can convert glycogen into glucose under times of need or stress. This glucose can then be used as an energy source. Glycogen is stored in the liver and in some muscle fibers. 4. Chitin-a structural polysaccharide found in fungi and insects. This is also a thick, protective compound. IV. LIPIDS-includes fats, oils and waxes. A. All lipids are insoluble in water. 1 . What does this mean? B. Functions of Lipids in Living Organisms: C. Structure of a Typical Lipid 1. Lipids are composed of 2 major components: . Glycerol-a 3 carbon alcohol. 1) Hydroxyl groups bond to each of the carbon atoms in glycerol. 2) Glycerol serves as the major backbone unit for most lipids. b. Fatty Acids 1) Three fatty acid molecules attach to glycerol to form a lipid. Each fatty acid replaces the hydrogen atom on the hydroxyl groups of the glycerol molecule. Due to this, there is one fatty acid bonded to each carbon atom of the glycerol molecule. a) Due to this arrangement, lipids are often referred to as triglycerides. 2) Saturated fats-occur when the fatty acid groups contain single covalent onds between their carbon atoms. There are no carbon to carbon double bonds in these. a) In other words, the carbon atoms are saturated with as many hydrogen atoms as possible. b) These are known as animal fats are solids at room temperature. c) Are these bad for us? 3) Unsaturat ed fats-occur when fatty acids contain double bonds between their carbon atoms. These are often referred to as vegetable oils. a) Polyunsaturated fats- b) These types of fats are liquids at room temperature. D. Types of Lipids 1. Phospholipids-contain only 2 fatty acid tails. These are found in cell membranes.They have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. 2. Waxes-serve as protective coverings over surfaces. 3. Hormones-chemicals that regulate the growth and functioning of living organisms. 4. Steroids-there are several different types of steroids: a. Cholesterol-common steroid. 1) Humans do need a small amount of cholesterol for: a) The formation of Vitamin D b) The production of estrogen and testosterone 2) Cholesterol is carried through the human body by 2 proteins that are found in the human bloodstream: a) Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)-this protein is responsible for elivering cholesterol to body cells and tissues where it is needed. This is often referred to as the â€Å" bad cholesterol. † b) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-this protein removes cholesterol from cells and tissues and transports it to the liver where it is secreted into bile. This is usually known as â€Å"good cholesterol. † 1) Bile-compound that is secreted by the liver that aids in digestion. Bile is also a waste product that is excreted from the body. It contains fatty wastes and it is excreted via feces. 3) Cholesterol in the human diet comes only from animal products. ) Normal Cholesterol Readings in young individuals should be around 180mg/dl. This rises to 230-250 mg/dl as humans age. 5) An important issue relating to cholesterol is the LDL/HDL Ratio. a) A high HDL values ensures that cholesterol is removed from body tissues in an adequate fashion. b) A low HDL values indicates that cholesterol removal is not occurring as it should. c) If cholesterol is not removed from the body, it can form plaques or deposits in the arteries of the body. This is a major cause of heart disease and heart attack. 6) How can an individual increase their HDL levels? b.Anabolic Steroids 1) These steroids are thought to increase muscle mass. 2) Side Effects of Steroid Use Include: c. Not all steroids are bad. Some are used to treat allergies and other human illnesses. These steroids do not cause the side-effects mentioned above. V. PROTEINS A. Functions of Proteins in Living Organisms 1. Make up cell membranes 2. Make up enzymes- 3. In collagen-protein that provides strength and support to structures in the body. 4. In keratin-a thick, protective protein. 5. Transport-some protein carry various materials through the body. An example would be hemoglobin. 6.Defense-proteins are in antibodies. 7. Proteins make up the contractile portion of human muscle. The major contractile proteins are actin and myosin. B. Proteins are found in and are essential for both plants and animals. C. Protein Structure 1. Proteins are composed of many amino acids that are bonded together. 2. Peptide Bonds- 3. Chains of bonded amino acids are often referred to as polypeptides. 4. What attaches amino acids together? 5. Amino Acids-there are 20 naturally occurring amino acids. They can bond in a variety of sequences to produce proteins. a. General Structure of an Amino Acid: . Some common amino acids include: phenylalanine, tryptophan, asparagine 6. Proteins can occur as simple chains or they can exhibit complex structures. 7. Denaturation- a. What can cause denaturation to occur? VI. NUCLEIC ACIDS A. These are composed of nucleotides that are covalently bonded together. What forms these bonds? B. Individual Nucleotides Contain: 1. A 5 Carbon Sugar 2. A Phosphate group 3. A Nitrogen-containing base C. Types of Nucleic Acids: 1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)- 2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)- 3. Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)- 4. Coenzymes- VII. MACROMOLECULES AND THEIR MONOMERS

Research paper about the RMS Titanic

Research paper about the RMS Titanic Ships and ocean liners have been man made all throughout history, but one stands out from the rest, the Titanic. It has been a mystery to many how the accidental sinking occurred and why the ship is on the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean. In 1912, an Olympic-class ship, the Titanic, set sail for the United States. At the time, it was the largest and most luxurious passenger liner of its kind. The Royal Mail Ship Titanic was and perhaps still is one of the most captivating and legendary steamships that was built in the twentieth century, due to its ironic maiden and only voyage.English: RMS Olympic and RMS Titanic under constru...The plan for the lavish liner first came about during 1907, but the construction of the Titanic did not commence until March 31, 1909. The shipbuilding company, Harland and Wolff, was over the production of the ship in Belfast, Ireland. ("Was the Titanic Construction Responsible for her Sinking?" 1) The company, owned by Lord Pirrie, had to make shipyard adjustm ents in order to hold the Titanic and her sister ship, the Olympic. The principle designer of the Titanic was Thomas Andrews. "At the time, the construction methods used in the building of the Titanic were considered to be second to none." (1) It was intended to cater to the elite class and be the largest ship on the water. The building of the ship was completed three years later and it cost around seven and a half million dollars. Even while itHorne 2was being constructed, the White Star Line stated the ship was unsinkable. (1)The Titanic's hull consisted of sixteen watertight compartments and for this very reason others believed the ship was unsinkable. If two of the middle or four of the front compartments flooded, the ship...

US History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

US History - Essay Example post-war foreign policy, maintaining that the Soviet Union was â€Å"relentlessly expansionary† and that the ebb of â€Å"the flow of Soviet power† required a â€Å"firm and vigilant commitment† (Kennedy 554). And it was from this principle, to be known as the â€Å"containment doctrine,† that much of the post-1945, anti-Soviet foreign policy of the United States arose in a crescendo of increasing intensity. The application of the containment doctrine began with a series of policies designed to avert war and Soviet dominance. First, in March of 1947, President Harry S. Truman appeared before Congress to request military equipment and advisers to strengthen the defenses of Greece and Turkey against the communist threat (Brinkley, 782, Kennedy 554-55, Palmer 844-45). In his request, Truman pledged the support of the United States to those â€Å"free peoples . . . resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures† (Kennedy 555). This rhetoric, historically known as the â€Å"Truman Doctrine,† formed the basis for further acts of Soviet containment and, indeed, committed the United States and its foreign policy to a comprehensive, international battle against communism. To be sure, a fundamental element of the containment policy was the recognized need to aid in the economic recovery of Western Europe, where some countries, particularly France, Italy and Germany, were still afflicted with the social and economic turmoil stemming from World War II and were thus susceptible politically to communist exploitation (Brinkley 782, Kennedy 555, Palmer 845). Consequently, in June of 1947, then-Secretary of State George C. Marshall offered economic aid to all European countries, hoping to reconstruct the economy of Europe and thereby strengthen its resolve against Soviet influence (Kennedy 555, Palmer 845). The Marshall Plan, as it became known, dedicated 12.5 billion

Occupational Safety Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Occupational Safety - Assignment Example The biggest problem here is that the diseases do not develop immediately but appear after a few years of exposure. The impact of pollution at workplace on productivity has been well investigated. Studies on the impact of pollution at work environment in productivity reveal a tendency of reduction in the economic activity (Marrewijk, 2005). "Sick building Syndrome" (SBS) and 'Building related illness' (BRI) gives rise to employee complaints such as headaches, dizziness, disorientation, fatigue, ear, eye and throat irritations. The world demand for high-speed ferries and LNG tanks is being met with an increase in Aluminium welding and casting production. This has introduced a new health hazard to the Aluminium welders and ways are being probed to protect the welders against the Aluminium fumes. In the U.K, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) regulations stipulates that the occupational expose limit for Aluminium fume should not exceed 5mgm exp 3 of air. Aluminium fumes during welding also generate quantities of ozone gas, which can cause nausea (Rabin, 1997) and unconsciousness. Welding is a process in which metal or other thermoplastic materials are joined together by the application of heat or pore sure or both. Electric welding was introduced in 1940s. Aluminium welding has been in prominence since 1970. There are several types of welding like Arc welding and Manual metal arc is a common process where the workers are exposed to the fumes. Carbon arc, Cold welding, Electron beam welding, Flux core arc welding, Gas welding, Gas metal arc welding, Gas tungsten arc welding, Shielded metal arc welding, Plasma arc welding, Laser beam welding are the other welding processes where workers are exposed to metal fumes. The welding workers have a high exposure of metal fumes and the exposure depends on place, confined space, workshop or open air. The metal fumes depend on not only the Aluminium but also the process involved, which may produce gases like acetylene, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, ozone, phosgene and tungsten. The metal fumes primarily enter the human system by inhalation route namely Respiration.. The deposition of these inhaled metallic particles is influenced by its physical and chemical properties and a variety of host factors. In the lungs, these particles produce a variety of reactions depending on the concentration, duration of the exposure of the particles, and degree of exposure. All Metallic particles greater than 10 are deposited on the Mucous membrane in the nose and pharynx. Particles between 3m and 10 m are deposited throughout the trachea of the lungs. Particles less than 3m are deposited in the alveoli and cause serious hazards. These particles have a fair chance of being carried into the blood stream and cause Hepatotoxicity